Introducing Rads on a Plane

Welcome to Rads on a Plane! Today marks the "soft launch" of our platform, on which we are excited to showcase our ongoing research on radiation aviation and give you the first opportunity to interact with our data.

We invite you to first read the article below on our latest results on cosmic radiation exposure on airline routes around the world. Then be sure to explore our recent blog posts, including our post introducing our E-RAD Aviation Model and the worsening cosmic ray situation.

On the site itself, you can explore our Daily Hot Flights table that monitors approximately 1400 flights criss-crossing the 10 busiest routes in the continental USA on a daily basis, and our Interactive Flight Data Table, where you can find estimated radiation doses for individual flights.

We welcome your comments and feedback. As the weeks progress, we will provide regular updates, continue to improve our content and ultimately, add services to our site. Thank you for visiting Rads on a Plane!

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Rads on a Plane: New Results

First published on Spaceweather.com by Tony Phillips

Sept. 18, 2018: Many people think that only astronauts need to worry about cosmic radiation. Not so. Ordinary air travelers are exposed to cosmic rays, too. Every day, radiation from deep space enters Earth’s atmosphere and penetrates the walls of aircraft. A recent study from the Harvard School of Medicine found that flight attendants have a higher risk of cancer than members of the general population, and the International Commission on Radiological Protection has classified pilots as occupational radiation workers.

How much radiation do you absorb? Spaceweather.com and the students of Earth to Sky Calculus have been working to answer this question by taking cosmic ray detectors onboard commercial airplanes. Flying since 2015, we have collected more than 22,000 GPS-tagged radiation measurements over 27 countries, 5 continents, and 2 oceans.

(A) A global overview of our flights. This map shows where we have been. (B) To show the density of our data, we zoom in to the Four Corners region of the USA. There are three major hubs in the map: Phoenix, Las Vegas and Denver. You can't see them, however, because they are overwritten by pushpins.

Here is what we have learned so far:

1. Radiation always increases with altitude, with dose rates doubling every 5000 to 6000 feet. This make sense: The closer you get to space, the more cosmic rays you will absorb.

2. At typical cruising altitudes, cosmic radiation is 40 to 60 times greater than natural sources at sea level.

3. Passengers on cross-country flights across the USA typically absorb a whole body dose equal to 1 or 2 dental X-rays.

4. On international flights, the total dose can increase ~five-fold with passengers racking up 5 to 6 dental X-rays.

Our database is a powerful tool for investigating cosmic rays in the atmosphere. For instance, this plot compares aviation radiation over the tropics vs. the Arctic:

We see that the Arctic is a high radiation zone. This comes as no surprise. Researchers have long known that particles from space easily penetrate Earth’s magnetic field near the poles, while the equator offers greater resistance. That’s why auroras are in Sweden instead of Mexico. Generally speaking, passengers flying international routes over the poles absorb 2 to 3 times more radiation than passengers at lower latitudes.

Our database also allows us to investigate differences between individual countries. This plot, for instance, compares Sweden, the USA and Chile:

As an Arctic country, Sweden has the most radiation–no surprise.  The continental USA straddles the middle–again, no surprise. A mid-latitude country can be expected to have middling radiation. Chile, however, is more of a puzzle.

Although Chile does not cross the equator, it has some of the lowest readings in our database. This phenomenon is almost certainly linked to Chile’s location on the verge of the South Atlantic Anomaly–a large distortion in Earth’s magnetic field that affects radiation levels. We are actively investigating the situation in Chile with additional flights, and will report our results in a future blog.

Because our home base is in the USA, we spend a lot of time flying there. In fact, our US dataset is so dense, we can investigate regional differences across the country. This plot compares radiation over New England vs. the Southwest:

The two curves are indistinguishable below ~30,000 feet, but at higher altitudes they diverge. By the time a plane reaches 40,000 feet, it would experience 30% more radiation over New England than the same plane flying above the desert Southwest. According to our measurements so far, New England is the “hottest” region of the continental USA, radiation-wise, with the Pacific Northwest a close second.

Perhaps the most important outcome of our work so far is E-RAD–a new predictive model of aviation radiation. We can now predict dose rates on flights in areas where we have flown before. Because it is constantly updated with new data, E-RAD naturally keeps up with variables that affect cosmic rays such as the solar cycle and changes in Earth’s magnetic field.

Here is an example of a recent flight we took from Baltimore to Las Vegas, comparing E-RAD’s predictions with actual measurements:

The two agree within 10% for most of the flight. These errors are constantly shrinking as we add new readings to our database.

The results in this report are offered as a preview of what we are learning. Our database is growing almost-daily with new flights to new places, and we will have more results to share in the weeks and months ahead.

Visit RadsonaPlane.com for updates.